Flakka is a highly potent drug that can be snorted, injected, eaten, smoked, or vaporized in e-cigarettes. When heated up, it gives off a foul-smelling smoke characterized as smelling like dirty socks. Frozen tissues were weighed, sonically disrupted in 100 µl of 0.3 N HClO4 and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4ºC to remove cellular debris. A 100 µl aliquot of the supernatant was placed in an WPS-3000TBSL autosampler maintained at 10ºC, and 10 µl was injected onto a Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA) Hypersil BDS C18 column (35ºC) with Thermo Scientific Dionex Test Phase running at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.
- Our findings are in line with those published by Matsunaga et al. (2017), demonstrating that cytotoxicity of pyrovalerones increases with the elongation of the α-carbon side-chain.
- GLU levels were similar to the original analyses (Supplementary Material Table S2), and the differences between LgA and ShA were still evident in the reanalysis.
- Meanwhile, synthetic cathinone-induced DA metabolism in striatum appears to occur later or has a longer duration of effect.
Brain tissue was collected approximately 24 h after the last drug exposure in this study and the past companion studies (Marusich et al., 2019a; Marusich et al., 2019b). While effects on DA were largely absent in this study, self-administration of either synthetic cathinone altered 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. The serotonergic effects of 4MMC were expected because it releases 5-HT (Baumann et al., 2012). Α-PVP does not have functional serotoninergic effects (Marusich et al., 2014), but α-PVP surprisingly increased 5-HIAA levels in several brain regions under LgA conditions. It is unclear if these unexpected serotonergic effects are a result of α-PVP binding to 5-HT1A (Rickli et al., 2015).
Effects on Neurochemistry
Using a discrete trials current intensity threshold intracranial self-stimulation procedure, the present study assessed the effects of 2 common second-generation synthetic cathinones, α‐pyrrolidinopentiophenone (0.1–5mg/kg) and 4-methyl-N-ethcathinone (1–100mg/kg) on brain reward function. Our findings demonstrate that α-pyrrolidinophenones decrease the viability of cell lines derived from neuroblasts, hepatic epithelium, upper airway epithelium, and cardiomyoblasts in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The length of the α-aliphatic side-chain seems to be the most important factor determining the maximal cytotoxic effect, i.e., neither α-PVP, with five carbon atoms, nor its substituted analogs lowered cell viability to considerably below 40% of the control values in all tested cell lines. On the other hand, the incubation of cells with PV8 and its analogs, containing an additional two carbon atoms, reduced cell viability by a maximum of 70–80% after 24 h, and by more than 90% after 72 h. Further elongation of the side-chain increased the cytotoxic activity, as observed in the tests on PV9 and its substituted analogs. Incubation for 72 h with the highest tested doses (200 and 300 μM) resulted in almost complete extinction of cell viability in all but the H9C2(2-1) cell lines.
Effects of PV8, 4-F-PV8, and 4-MeO-PV8 on the Survival of SH-SY5Y, Hep G2, RPMI 2650, and H9c2(2- Cells
Interestingly, ShA drug self-administration also led to escalation of intake, particularly for 4MMC. This finding suggests that dysregulated drug intake is not limited to LgA conditions for α-PVP and 4MMC, similar to a past study showing that LgA and ShA cocaine self-administration both led to escalation of intake (Beckmann et al., 2012). To our knowledge, this is the first study to statistically compare male and female rodents for 4MMC and α-PVP self-administration, and the resulting neurochemical changes. Sex differences for α-PVP during autoshaping (Fig. S2) did not lead to sex differences in α-PVP self-administration (Fig. 2).
LgA self-administration of α-PVP increased 5-HIAA levels in all brain regions, compared to control. In contrast, both LgA and ShA 4MMC self-administration decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in most brain regions. LgA exposure to both synthetic cathinones increased DOPAC levels in hypothalamus and striatum, and increased HVA levels in striatum compared to control. LgA self-administration of either synthetic cathinone produced region-specific increases in NE levels, whereas ShA self-administration lowered NE levels in select locations compared to control. These alterations in neurotransmitter levels indicate that synthetic cathinone use may produce differential neurochemical changes during the transition from use to abuse, and that 21 days of self-administration only models the beginning stages of dysregulated drug intake. To our knowledge, there are currently no published studies directly assessing the potential abuse liability of the second-generation synthetic cathinones α-PVP or 4-MEC.
8. Data Analysis
Drug concentrations used in this in vitro study, reaching 300 μM, exceed those normally found in the blood obtained from intoxicated patients and during autopsies (Kudo et al. 2015; Marinetti and Antonides 2013). However, as discussed in our previous work (Wojcieszak et al. 2016), organs such as the liver, brain, and upper airway epithelium can be exposed to significantly higher local drug concentrations than those measured in blood. Moreover, it is noteworthy that immortalized cancer cell lines, which are a convenient model for in vitro studies, can be more resistant to cytotoxicity, and therefore, cell damage can be observed in concentrations higher than in normal cells in vivo (den Hollander et al. 2014; Wojcieszak et al. 2016). Long incubation times were applied in order to show whether the cytotoxicity of studied compounds increase with time, which is relevant since the common abuse pattern of synthetic cathinones includes long sessions during which multiple doses are administered (Zawilska and Wojcieszak 2013).
- Consistent with previous studies of α-PPP (Gatch et al. 2017; Marusich et al. 2014), we report that it has robust locomotor-stimulant effects in our laboratory that are comparable to cocaine.
- The test subjects were male Swiss Webster mice (Charles River Laboratories; Wilmington, MA) that weighed 27–33 grams and ranged in age from 2–3 months.
- Results obtained using LDH assay further confirm the impact of the side-chain length on the cytotoxicity of pyrrolidinophenones.
- For the experiments examining the persistent effects of α-PPP on neurochemistry and behavior, 18 mice treated with α-PPP and 16 mice were treated with saline were included in the final analyses, divided between two groups.
- Group one underwent dosing with α-PPP (80 mg/kg, QID, q2h, IP) and was assessed in the Y-maze and elevated plus maze (EPM) four days later, with EPM assessments occurring at least three hours after the Y-maze assessments.
Adverse effects
Meanwhile, synthetic cathinone-induced DA metabolism in striatum appears to occur later or has a longer duration of effect. The levels of DA metabolites in striatum following ShA 4MMC or ShA saline self-administration were consistent with that of a previous study, however, the present study produced approximately 60% higher levels of DA in striatum compared to the previous study (Motbey et al., 2013). Due to methodological differences in the self-administration doses used across studies, it is unclear why the self-administration regimen used in the present study led to greater DA levels.
It is also notable that both α-PPP (Eshleman et al. 2017) and MDPV (Simmler et al. 2013) function as reuptake inhibitors rather than substrate-based releasers, and the mechanism of action of methylone appears to include both reuptake inhibition and substrate-based release (Simmler et al. 2013). Although α-PPP and MDPV are amphetamine derivatives, their pharmacological mechanism of action is closer to cocaine than to amphetamines. Most previous work with stimulant-induced neurotoxicity has focused on substrate-based releasers rather than reuptake inhibitors. Moreover, hyperthermic responses to reuptake inhibitors have been less forthcoming than with substrate-based releasers, and we did not observe a hyperthermic response to cocaine in the present study.
There were also sex differences in 5-HT levels for hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum for 4MMC ShA groups, but the direction of the effects was region dependent. 5-HIAA levels were higher for females than males for rats in most self-administration conditions and in most brain regions, effects that were observed for both synthetic cathinones. In contrast, female ShA rats had lower DA levels than males in PFC, higher DOPAC levels than males in amygdala, hypothalamus, and striatum, and higher HVA levels than males in amygdala and striatum.
The percentage of the total exploration time spent exploring the novel object was calculated to reflect recognition memory. Spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze has been proposed to measure hippocampus-dependent spatial working memory (Walker and Gold 1994). Performance in the Y-maze was assessed by both automated quantitation (Maze Engineers; Cambridge, MA) and manual observation.
The standard was transferred to a volumetric flask and diluted to volume with mobile phase A (5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid, aqueous) and labeled as stock solution. The stock solution containing approximately 2.5 mg/ml of GLU was then diluted to encompass a concentration range from 2500 to 10 ng/ml. Standards for ECD were prepared by weighing approximately 1 mg of analytes DA (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), DOPAC (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), HVA (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), 5-HT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 5-HIAA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and NE (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Each standard was transferred to a volumetric flask and diluted to volume with tissue buffer to create stock solutions. A stock solution containing approximately 10 μg/ml of analyte was then diluted to encompass a concentration range from 1000 to 0.5 ng/ml.
4-F-PV8 applied for 24 h markedly reduced the viability of SH-SY5Y (100–300 μM), Hep G2 (50–300 μM), RPMI 2650 (10–300 μM), and H9c2(2-1) (200 and 300 μM) cell lines, with the greatest reduction by 42% (SH-SY5Y), 77% (Hep G2), 79% (RPMI 2650), and 72% (H9c2(2-1)) (Fig. 4b). Cell viability was significantly decreased in SH-SY5Y (25–300 μM; maximal reduction by 83%), Hep G2 (50–300 μM; maximal reduction by 97%), RPMI 2650 (10–300 μM; maximal reduction by 97%), and H9c2(2-1) cells (10–300 μM; maximal reduction by 79%) (Fig. 4b). PVP and its fluoro- and methoxy-substituted derivatives produced moderate and concentration- and time-dependent decline in the viability of SH-SY5Y, Hep G2, RPMI 2650, and H9c2(2-1) cells measured as mitochondrial activity. Cellular membrane integrity was assessed by measuring the activity of lactate dehydrogenase released from damaged cells into the culture medium using LDH Cytotoxicity Assay (ScienCell Research Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following 48-h exposure to the drugs, according to the manufacturer’s instruction.
Consistent with previous studies of α-PPP (Gatch et al. 2017; Marusich et al. 2014), we report that it has robust locomotor-stimulant effects in our laboratory that are comparable to cocaine. We have found that α-PPP persistently depletes the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the striatum and frontal cortex, and induces significant memory impairments, as measured in the Y-maze assay, and decreased exploratory activity in the NOR test. However, these deficits were not matched by similar changes in the EPM test or deficits in recognition memory in the NOR test. We operationally define “second-generation” cathinones as the compounds, such as pentylone and alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), that have shown increased abuse more recently and were placed into the Controlled Substances Act in 2014 or remain unscheduled. In recent years, numerous second-generation synthetic cathinones have emerged that contain a pyrrolidine ring, similar to MDPV and α-PVP, in place of the secondary amine of methamphetamine-like synthetic cathinones.
In contrast to the minor sex differences in self-administration behavior, sex differences in neurochemical changes were more widespread. Notably, sex differences in neurochemistry were more abundant for ShA than LgA alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone function groups, and the cause of this is unknown. Prominent sex differences emerged for NE levels in amygdala, hippocampus, PFC, and striatum for ShA groups (Fig. 4). There were also large sex differences in GLU levels in PFC, and 5-HIAA levels in striatum and thalamus for ShA groups (Fig. 4). Sex differences in neurochemistry in LgA groups were largely confined to 5-HIAA levels (Fig. 3). Future studies are needed to determine why there were vast sex differences in the neurochemistry of ShA groups that seemed to dissipate in the LgA groups.
A prototypical second-generation pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone is the compound alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP). Its molecular pharmacology was recently characterized, demonstrating that α-PPP has high affinity for the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (approximately 1–2 μM), where it functions as a reuptake inhibitor. In contrast, α-PPP did not have any substrate-based releasing properties and substantially lower affinity for the serotonin transporter (approximately 163 μM) (Eshleman et al. 2017). Furthermore, it was recently demonstrated that α-PPP is a locomotor stimulant and has cocaine-like and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects (Gatch et al. 2017), and its locomotor-stimulant effects can be blocked by the selective dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist SCH (Marusich et al. 2014).
Then 100 μl was transferred to a new 700 μl deep, 96 well plate and diluted with an additional 400 μl of LC-MS/MS mobile phase A (total dilution of 250 fold). The plate was sealed and mixed again at 1000 RPM for 4 min on an Eppendorf MixMate orbital shaker prior to analysis. RTI shares its evidence-based research – through peer-reviewed publications and media – to ensure that it is accessible for others to build on, in line with our mission and scientific standards.
Flakka Drug: Symptoms, Side Effects & Complications
Sober livingFlakka is a highly potent drug that can be snorted, injected, eaten, smoked, or vaporized in e-cigarettes. When heated up, it gives off a foul-smelling smoke characterized as smelling like dirty socks. Frozen tissues were weighed, sonically disrupted in 100 µl of 0.3 N HClO4 and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4ºC to remove cellular debris. A 100 µl aliquot of the supernatant was placed in an WPS-3000TBSL autosampler maintained at 10ºC, and 10 µl was injected onto a Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA) Hypersil BDS C18 column (35ºC) with Thermo Scientific Dionex Test Phase running at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.
Brain tissue was collected approximately 24 h after the last drug exposure in this study and the past companion studies (Marusich et al., 2019a; Marusich et al., 2019b). While effects on DA were largely absent in this study, self-administration of either synthetic cathinone altered 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. The serotonergic effects of 4MMC were expected because it releases 5-HT (Baumann et al., 2012). Α-PVP does not have functional serotoninergic effects (Marusich et al., 2014), but α-PVP surprisingly increased 5-HIAA levels in several brain regions under LgA conditions. It is unclear if these unexpected serotonergic effects are a result of α-PVP binding to 5-HT1A (Rickli et al., 2015).
Effects on Neurochemistry
Using a discrete trials current intensity threshold intracranial self-stimulation procedure, the present study assessed the effects of 2 common second-generation synthetic cathinones, α‐pyrrolidinopentiophenone (0.1–5mg/kg) and 4-methyl-N-ethcathinone (1–100mg/kg) on brain reward function. Our findings demonstrate that α-pyrrolidinophenones decrease the viability of cell lines derived from neuroblasts, hepatic epithelium, upper airway epithelium, and cardiomyoblasts in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The length of the α-aliphatic side-chain seems to be the most important factor determining the maximal cytotoxic effect, i.e., neither α-PVP, with five carbon atoms, nor its substituted analogs lowered cell viability to considerably below 40% of the control values in all tested cell lines. On the other hand, the incubation of cells with PV8 and its analogs, containing an additional two carbon atoms, reduced cell viability by a maximum of 70–80% after 24 h, and by more than 90% after 72 h. Further elongation of the side-chain increased the cytotoxic activity, as observed in the tests on PV9 and its substituted analogs. Incubation for 72 h with the highest tested doses (200 and 300 μM) resulted in almost complete extinction of cell viability in all but the H9C2(2-1) cell lines.
Effects of PV8, 4-F-PV8, and 4-MeO-PV8 on the Survival of SH-SY5Y, Hep G2, RPMI 2650, and H9c2(2- Cells
Interestingly, ShA drug self-administration also led to escalation of intake, particularly for 4MMC. This finding suggests that dysregulated drug intake is not limited to LgA conditions for α-PVP and 4MMC, similar to a past study showing that LgA and ShA cocaine self-administration both led to escalation of intake (Beckmann et al., 2012). To our knowledge, this is the first study to statistically compare male and female rodents for 4MMC and α-PVP self-administration, and the resulting neurochemical changes. Sex differences for α-PVP during autoshaping (Fig. S2) did not lead to sex differences in α-PVP self-administration (Fig. 2).
LgA self-administration of α-PVP increased 5-HIAA levels in all brain regions, compared to control. In contrast, both LgA and ShA 4MMC self-administration decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in most brain regions. LgA exposure to both synthetic cathinones increased DOPAC levels in hypothalamus and striatum, and increased HVA levels in striatum compared to control. LgA self-administration of either synthetic cathinone produced region-specific increases in NE levels, whereas ShA self-administration lowered NE levels in select locations compared to control. These alterations in neurotransmitter levels indicate that synthetic cathinone use may produce differential neurochemical changes during the transition from use to abuse, and that 21 days of self-administration only models the beginning stages of dysregulated drug intake. To our knowledge, there are currently no published studies directly assessing the potential abuse liability of the second-generation synthetic cathinones α-PVP or 4-MEC.
8. Data Analysis
Drug concentrations used in this in vitro study, reaching 300 μM, exceed those normally found in the blood obtained from intoxicated patients and during autopsies (Kudo et al. 2015; Marinetti and Antonides 2013). However, as discussed in our previous work (Wojcieszak et al. 2016), organs such as the liver, brain, and upper airway epithelium can be exposed to significantly higher local drug concentrations than those measured in blood. Moreover, it is noteworthy that immortalized cancer cell lines, which are a convenient model for in vitro studies, can be more resistant to cytotoxicity, and therefore, cell damage can be observed in concentrations higher than in normal cells in vivo (den Hollander et al. 2014; Wojcieszak et al. 2016). Long incubation times were applied in order to show whether the cytotoxicity of studied compounds increase with time, which is relevant since the common abuse pattern of synthetic cathinones includes long sessions during which multiple doses are administered (Zawilska and Wojcieszak 2013).
Adverse effects
Meanwhile, synthetic cathinone-induced DA metabolism in striatum appears to occur later or has a longer duration of effect. The levels of DA metabolites in striatum following ShA 4MMC or ShA saline self-administration were consistent with that of a previous study, however, the present study produced approximately 60% higher levels of DA in striatum compared to the previous study (Motbey et al., 2013). Due to methodological differences in the self-administration doses used across studies, it is unclear why the self-administration regimen used in the present study led to greater DA levels.
It is also notable that both α-PPP (Eshleman et al. 2017) and MDPV (Simmler et al. 2013) function as reuptake inhibitors rather than substrate-based releasers, and the mechanism of action of methylone appears to include both reuptake inhibition and substrate-based release (Simmler et al. 2013). Although α-PPP and MDPV are amphetamine derivatives, their pharmacological mechanism of action is closer to cocaine than to amphetamines. Most previous work with stimulant-induced neurotoxicity has focused on substrate-based releasers rather than reuptake inhibitors. Moreover, hyperthermic responses to reuptake inhibitors have been less forthcoming than with substrate-based releasers, and we did not observe a hyperthermic response to cocaine in the present study.
There were also sex differences in 5-HT levels for hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum for 4MMC ShA groups, but the direction of the effects was region dependent. 5-HIAA levels were higher for females than males for rats in most self-administration conditions and in most brain regions, effects that were observed for both synthetic cathinones. In contrast, female ShA rats had lower DA levels than males in PFC, higher DOPAC levels than males in amygdala, hypothalamus, and striatum, and higher HVA levels than males in amygdala and striatum.
The percentage of the total exploration time spent exploring the novel object was calculated to reflect recognition memory. Spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze has been proposed to measure hippocampus-dependent spatial working memory (Walker and Gold 1994). Performance in the Y-maze was assessed by both automated quantitation (Maze Engineers; Cambridge, MA) and manual observation.
The standard was transferred to a volumetric flask and diluted to volume with mobile phase A (5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid, aqueous) and labeled as stock solution. The stock solution containing approximately 2.5 mg/ml of GLU was then diluted to encompass a concentration range from 2500 to 10 ng/ml. Standards for ECD were prepared by weighing approximately 1 mg of analytes DA (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), DOPAC (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), HVA (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), 5-HT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 5-HIAA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and NE (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Each standard was transferred to a volumetric flask and diluted to volume with tissue buffer to create stock solutions. A stock solution containing approximately 10 μg/ml of analyte was then diluted to encompass a concentration range from 1000 to 0.5 ng/ml.
4-F-PV8 applied for 24 h markedly reduced the viability of SH-SY5Y (100–300 μM), Hep G2 (50–300 μM), RPMI 2650 (10–300 μM), and H9c2(2-1) (200 and 300 μM) cell lines, with the greatest reduction by 42% (SH-SY5Y), 77% (Hep G2), 79% (RPMI 2650), and 72% (H9c2(2-1)) (Fig. 4b). Cell viability was significantly decreased in SH-SY5Y (25–300 μM; maximal reduction by 83%), Hep G2 (50–300 μM; maximal reduction by 97%), RPMI 2650 (10–300 μM; maximal reduction by 97%), and H9c2(2-1) cells (10–300 μM; maximal reduction by 79%) (Fig. 4b). PVP and its fluoro- and methoxy-substituted derivatives produced moderate and concentration- and time-dependent decline in the viability of SH-SY5Y, Hep G2, RPMI 2650, and H9c2(2-1) cells measured as mitochondrial activity. Cellular membrane integrity was assessed by measuring the activity of lactate dehydrogenase released from damaged cells into the culture medium using LDH Cytotoxicity Assay (ScienCell Research Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following 48-h exposure to the drugs, according to the manufacturer’s instruction.
Consistent with previous studies of α-PPP (Gatch et al. 2017; Marusich et al. 2014), we report that it has robust locomotor-stimulant effects in our laboratory that are comparable to cocaine. We have found that α-PPP persistently depletes the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the striatum and frontal cortex, and induces significant memory impairments, as measured in the Y-maze assay, and decreased exploratory activity in the NOR test. However, these deficits were not matched by similar changes in the EPM test or deficits in recognition memory in the NOR test. We operationally define “second-generation” cathinones as the compounds, such as pentylone and alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), that have shown increased abuse more recently and were placed into the Controlled Substances Act in 2014 or remain unscheduled. In recent years, numerous second-generation synthetic cathinones have emerged that contain a pyrrolidine ring, similar to MDPV and α-PVP, in place of the secondary amine of methamphetamine-like synthetic cathinones.
In contrast to the minor sex differences in self-administration behavior, sex differences in neurochemical changes were more widespread. Notably, sex differences in neurochemistry were more abundant for ShA than LgA alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone function groups, and the cause of this is unknown. Prominent sex differences emerged for NE levels in amygdala, hippocampus, PFC, and striatum for ShA groups (Fig. 4). There were also large sex differences in GLU levels in PFC, and 5-HIAA levels in striatum and thalamus for ShA groups (Fig. 4). Sex differences in neurochemistry in LgA groups were largely confined to 5-HIAA levels (Fig. 3). Future studies are needed to determine why there were vast sex differences in the neurochemistry of ShA groups that seemed to dissipate in the LgA groups.
A prototypical second-generation pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone is the compound alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP). Its molecular pharmacology was recently characterized, demonstrating that α-PPP has high affinity for the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (approximately 1–2 μM), where it functions as a reuptake inhibitor. In contrast, α-PPP did not have any substrate-based releasing properties and substantially lower affinity for the serotonin transporter (approximately 163 μM) (Eshleman et al. 2017). Furthermore, it was recently demonstrated that α-PPP is a locomotor stimulant and has cocaine-like and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects (Gatch et al. 2017), and its locomotor-stimulant effects can be blocked by the selective dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist SCH (Marusich et al. 2014).
Then 100 μl was transferred to a new 700 μl deep, 96 well plate and diluted with an additional 400 μl of LC-MS/MS mobile phase A (total dilution of 250 fold). The plate was sealed and mixed again at 1000 RPM for 4 min on an Eppendorf MixMate orbital shaker prior to analysis. RTI shares its evidence-based research – through peer-reviewed publications and media – to ensure that it is accessible for others to build on, in line with our mission and scientific standards.
Comparing Pips, Points, and Ticks: What’s the Difference?
Forex TradingUnlike other indexes, the Dow is price-weighted, meaning that the stocks with higher share prices have a greater impact on the index’s point movements. So, when you hear that the Dow is “up 100 points,” it’s because the prices of some or all of these 30 stocks have risen. Yes, points can be used to measure changes in both individual stocks and broader market indexes. For individual stocks, a point represents a one-dollar change in the stock’s price. When discussing market indexes, such as the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average, points reflect the collective change in the prices of the component stocks within the index.
The concept of points has been a cornerstone of stock market reporting for decades. It was developed as a way to simplify the complexities of financial data, making it more accessible to a wide range of investors. By condensing intricate price changes into a straightforward system, points have become an indispensable part of how market performance is communicated.
These psychological levels can lead to increased buying or selling activity, causing price volatility. Being aware of how a point in stocks can influence investor psychology can help you anticipate market movements and adjust your strategies accordingly. In the world of finance, a point in stocks is a standard term used to quantify changes in the price of individual stocks. When the price of a stock increases by one point, it means the price has gone up by one dollar.
This maintains historical continuity, making the index a reliable indicator of market trends over time. With a balanced approach, you can use point forex currency spread calculator mt4 indicator changes to better understand market trends and make more informed decisions—without letting every headline pull you in a different direction. Staying Steady Amid Market VolatilityIt’s easy to get caught up in the excitement—or worry—that comes with big point changes during volatile times.
Understanding these movements allows investors to align their actions with broader market sentiment. While stock points and index points are measured in the same unit, their implications differ. A stock’s point movement directly reflects a change in its value, influencing the return on investment for its shareholders.
What Is Decimalization in Stock Trading?
For pairs where the USD is not listed second, or if the trader is not using a USD account, the pip value fluctuates. Since ticks are fractions of a point, their dollar value (or « tick value ») depends on the futures contract being traded. For crude oil on the CME, where each point is worth $1,000, the tick value is $10.
What Are Points in the Stock Market?
Points play a crucial role in the stock market as they provide a standardized way to track and communicate changes in stock prices and index values. This uniformity simplifies market analysis, allowing investors to quickly grasp market trends and price movements. For both experienced investors and newcomers, understanding points is essential for interpreting financial news, evaluating the health of the market, and making informed investment decisions. The concept of points in the stock market may seem obscure to some, but it plays a crucial role in determining the value of individual stocks and market indexes.
Historical Context of Points
A change of one point can have different financial implications depending on the size of the investor’s holdings. Recognizing the value of a point in stocks helps investors better assess their gains and losses across various investments. A point in stocks is often used as a unit of measurement when discussing price changes for individual stocks or broader market indexes.
The Nasdaq Composite Index includes all stocks traded on the Nasdaq stock exchange and is weighted by market capitalization. While it primarily reflects the performance of technology sectors, it also includes companies from canadian forex review various industries. This index is often used to gauge the health of the tech industry and its impact on the broader stock exchanges market.
Stock Market Crash Triggered by President Trump’s Tariffs: History Predicts What Comes Next
Remember that they express absolute change—the physical gain or loss—and are not tied to original or previous prices, unlike percentages. This implies that if a price goes up by five points, it has increased by five units of currency – regardless of its original price. Investing in the stock market is a key part of most successful wealth-building strategies, but understanding key concepts can be overwhelming for beginners.
Dow Jones Index Components
For individual stocks, one point is equivalent to a one-dollar change in the stock’s price. However, when it comes to stock indices, a point reflects the aggregate movement of the prices of the stocks that make up the index. This distinction highlights the versatility of the point system, which serves as a fundamental tool for tracking market performance and analyzing trends. The significance of a point in stocks extends beyond simple price changes.
Understanding how a point in stocks impacts trading strategies can give you a competitive edge in the fast-paced world of stock trading. A share of a publicly-traded company is a fractional ownership claim in that company. It represents a proportional claim on the company’s net assets and future earnings. Historically, public companies with solid financial records have offered investors high long-term returns for those willing to stick with them over time. However, shares in these companies are not without near-term risks and are considered speculative.
Unlike the DJIA, which gives more weight to higher-priced stocks, the S&P 500 provides a broader and more accurate representation of the overall market. Each point movement in the S&P 500 reflects a weighted average of the market performance, making it a critical benchmark for investors tracking the health of the U.S. economy. In the stock market, points refer to the dollar amount that has changed, whereas percentage change represents the proportion of the movement relative to the initial price. Both points and percentage change are crucial for investors to grasp the significance of a stock’s price movement.
For market-capitalization weighting, a company’s weight in the index is proportional to its total market value (stock price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares). While points for individual stocks have a straightforward one-to-one relationship with dollars, points in stock market indexes are more complex. Each index calculates points differently, and it’s crucial for investors to understand these distinctions.
However, understanding what those points represent, and how they relate to your portfolio or individual stocks, is crucial if you want to get a true sense of what’s happening in the market. While points are often used in stock trading, percentages can be ascending triangle pattern useful when analyzing long-term trends. Percentages are also helpful in comparing different stocks or indices with each other since they provide a more accurate analysis of returns relative to the starting price. Ultimately, the best performance measure will depend on what type of information you need and how it will be used. The calculation of points depends on the specific stock or index being considered. However, for stocks with higher prices, such as those trading in the hundreds or thousands of dollars, a point may represent a larger dollar value.
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Форекс БрокерыВероятно для затруднения проверки и повышения уникальности интернет-ресурса. Доступ на базовый официальный сайт umarkets.com с территории России перекрыт и возможен только через сервисы VPN либо зеркала. Изучение сайта компании показывает, что «Юмаркетс» пришёл со своими предложениями всерьёз и надолго. У него относительно приличный сайт, предусмотрен набор документов. Опознать в проекте мошенника с первого взгляда затруднительно, поэтому приглашаем приглядеться повнимательнее.
Служба поддержки
Перед отправкой необходимо принять условия сервиса и пользовательского соглашения. Знать всю правду о компании — право каждого клиента. Лохотрон запустили в конце 2019 года, с начала 2020-го уже встречаются его упоминания в сети. Демонстрируя намерения разводить людей долго и обстоятельно, авторы проекта потратились к запуску на некоторое число приторно-хвалебных комментариев от имени вымышленных клиентов. На лохотронской платформе с имитацией торговли основана первая часть схемы обмана клиентов. Вторая фаза начинается после того, как жертва перестаёт вносить новые деньги и настаивает на том, чтобы наконец вывести со счёта свою приятную, но, увы, нарисованную прибыль.
История сделок
У брокеров кроме регистрационных данных необходимо проверять разрешение на профильную деятельность. Брокерская лицензия это второй ключевой документ, без которого легальная деятельность невозможна. Подробнее прочитать о лицензировании можно в этой статье. Если вернуться к заглавному скриншоту данного обзора, можно заметить, что он напечатан другим шрифтом, нежели остальное содержимое футера. Это потому, что создатели сайта «Юмаркетс» вставили его в виде картинки.
Схема развода Umarkets
Часть видео закрыты для неавторизованных пользователей и открываются только после входа в учетную запись. В дополнение на сайте брокера ЮМаркетс есть вкладка с глоссарием терминов, а также блог с полезными статьями для трейдеров. Формально этот пункт, с которым соглашаются пользователи при регистрации, дает право компании задержать выплату или отказать в выводе денег со счета. Это социальная сеть, в которой трейдеры делятся своими торговыми идеями и зарабатывают на платных подписках на сигналы. За счет привязки к брокеру использовать предложенную торговую идею можно в один клик. Аналогичная позиция автоматически откроется на счету клиента.
Лимиты и комиссии
У жуликов неограниченное число поводов для вымышленных обвинений и поборов. Их цель обобрать рейдера на прощанье, вывода средств всё равно не будет. Клиентам, которые рискнут это себе выкачать и установить, гарантирована иллюзия трейдинга на марионеточном терминале, целиком и полностью подконтрольном жуликам из «Юмаркетс».
Насколько опасно торговать с брокером Umarkets?
Главный минус — отсутствие графических инструментов. Трейдерам, торгующим по уровням, трендовым каналам, линиям Фибоначчи и другими моделями Price Action, придется использовать дополнительный терминал в отдельной вкладке. Сказать, что у брокера совсем нет регуляции, нельзя.
Условия отыгрыша идентичны промо «100% Страховка». Скорость обработки запроса на снятие средств напрямую зависит от выбранной платежной системы. Максимальный срок — 7 календарных дней для банковского перевода.
Это коммерческая организация, русскоязычным трейдерам более известная как ЦРОФР. Несмотря на российский флаг на логотипе, регулятор не имеет никакого отношения ни к ЦБ РФ, ни к любому другому государственному органу. Тем не менее у IFMRRC есть резервный фонд компенсаций, возможность оформить жалобу, а также процедуры аудита и проверки лицензированных платформ.
Торговые условия брокера частично зависят от статуса, присвоенного аккаунту трейдера. Эти отличия можно показать в виде наглядной таблицы. К сервису использования чужих сделок можно отнести уже упомянутые возможности дублирования сигналов с Invest Arena и Autochartist. Классический Copy Trading в автоматическом режиме на платформе доступен только условно, в том случае если Metatrader будет восстановлен. Перейти в Autochartist можно, кликнув на одноименный пункт в меню «Трейдерам».
У нас есть обзоры, рекомендации и полное руководство, куда же вам лучше инвестировать с минимальным риском для своих сбережений. Сохранить моё имя, email и адрес сайта в этом браузере для последующих моих комментариев. Это предложение для трейдеров, торгующих на новостях. Пользователь может бесплатно запросить у поддержки страховку на сделки, заключаемые в период публикации важной макроэкономической статистики. Статус учетной записи меняется автоматически при достижении требуемой суммы на балансе.
В 2018-м официальный сайт UMarkets не был доступен. А в конце 2019 года вернулся с обновленным дизайном и структурой, а также другим владельцем. Теперь брокером управляет компания Prometheus LTD, зарегистрированная на Маршалловых островах. Предложение Umarkets – торговать акциями, индексами, товарами, валютными парами, криптовалютами. Для этого можно использовать торговые платформы MetaTrader 4, xCritical (онлайн-терминал), а также мобильные платформы.
Также на сайте форекс брокера UMarkets есть раздел «Инвестиционные портфели». Во вкладке только написано, что трейдеры могут заключать сделки с CFD акций российских компаний. Платформа дает пользователям возможность поучаствовать в 2 разных промоакциях. На самом деле, на сайте в одноименном разделе сразу 5 вкладок, но две из них — «Демо реал» и «Банковский алгоритм» — на момент написания обзора были неактуальны.
Визуально он похож на обещанные МТ из учебников по трейдингу, но никакой связи с реальными рынками не имеет. Депозиты прикарманивают в первые же секунды после их внесения, деньги на счету клиентов и все их сделки просто торговый тренажёр, анимация. Решать возникшие сложности можно через службу поддержки брокера, которая работает круглосуточно. Для связи с ней пользователи могут использовать лайв-чат, форму обратной связи, а также опубликованные проектом контакты. Например, отсутствуют фактически заявленные инструменты и возможности. Настораживают пункты в официальных документах, по которым сайт вправе отказать в выплате по известным только ему причинам.
Umarkets: условия и торговые счета
После этого нужно указать предпочитаемый язык и выбрать часовой пояс для автоматической отправки сигналов на адрес электронной почты. Клиенты UMarkets пользуются известным сервисом сигналов технического анализа без дополнительных регистраций. Если в меню поиска активов кликнуть по любому тикеру, откроется упрощенный виджет анализа графика. Выбор технических индикаторов и таймфреймов становится доступным, только если смартфон разместить горизонтально.
При получении заявки лжеброкеры начинают информационную umarkets атаку на клиента, обвиняя его в несуществующих нарушениях и заявляя о заморозке денежного перевода, а то и всего счёта. Погрузив жертву в бездну отчаяния, ей предлагают выход. Разумеется, нужно заплатить в Umarkets ещё денег, а потом снова и снова — тогда проблема будет решена, и счастливый клиент сможет воссоединиться с депозитом.
Заявленного MT4 у площадки на момент написания обзора не было. В Личном кабинете невозможно создать счет для этого терминала. Более того, к MT5 также подключиться не получится. Адаптированную платформу с сайта брокера скачать нельзя, а в стандартном MetaTrader нет серверов компании UMarkets.
Forex Trading the Best ECN Forex Broker, Currency Trading Online
Форекс БрокерыMetaTrader 4 is one of the most popular forex trading platforms in the world today. MetaTrader uses its own programming language MQL4, which allows you to program your own automated trading robots. LunarCapital offers traders a transparent fee structure with no trading commissions under its ECN XL account, relying solely on competitive spreads. The broker focuses on keeping costs low, making it a popular choice among cost-conscious traders. Gain access to your LunarCapital trading account in 3 simple steps – download, install and login to the mobile trading platform using your LunarCapital account credentials. LunarCapital brand is an international brand that is registered and regulated in various jurisdictions and is committed to offering you the best possible trading experience.
Start with a Risk-Free Demo Trading Account
LunarCapital stands out as a solid broker choice for traders looking for a low-cost, regulated platform. Its competitive spreads, no trading commissions, and lack of a minimum deposit make it accessible to both beginner and professional traders. With a focus on forex and CFDs, LunarCapital provides a range of tradable instruments, though the absence of stock trading may be a limitation for some. LunarCapital is a regulated broker offering diverse trading instruments, including CFDs, commodities, currencies, cryptocurrencies, and indices. Licensed under CySEC, MiFID, and MISA, LunarCapital provides competitive spreads starting from 0 with no trading commissions under its ECN XL account, making it an appealing choice for traders seeking low-cost options. While LunarCapital does not offer stock trading, its comprehensive selection of other instruments, combined with competitive spreads, positions it as a strong choice for traders focused on forex and CFDs.
The platform has a built-in « Help » function so you can get answers to the most common questions directly from within the software itself, so you can concentrate on the important stuff – trading. The platform allows orders to be placed in a variety of ways, including trading directly from charts. Embedded tick charts are an extremely useful way to determine accurate entry and exit points. All client money is held in separately from Company Money in a Client Money Account. Opening an account with LunarCapital is a straightforward process designed to get traders started quickly. LunarCapital operates on a spread-only model, with spreads starting as low as 0 on major currency pairs.
The broker’s strong regulatory oversight by CySEC, MiFID, and MISA, along with client fund security in Tier 1 banks, adds a layer of trust for its users. As a broker regulated by CySEC, MiFID, and MISA, it complies with stringent industry standards to protect traders. LunarCapital utilizes two-factor authentication (2FA) to prevent fraud and secure accounts, adding an essential layer of protection for all users. Furthermore, the broker ensures that client funds are stored in Tier 1 banks, safeguarding these assets from potential risks. This commitment to security helps to instill confidence in traders who seek reliability and transparency. While the absence of additional security features could be a consideration for some, LunarCapital’s adherence to reputable regulatory bodies and the careful handling of client funds make it a trustworthy platform for traders.
For further regulatory information regarding the Payment Service Providers please visit the deposit methods page. Forex ECN is the most proficient and transparent trading method available. MetaTrader 4 includes all the trading functions the modern forex trader needs. Market orders, pending and stop orders, trailing stops – all are right there at your fingertips with MT4. LunarCapital strives to be a socially-conscious company that supports education and the betterment of human society. The above live prices are provided solely for informational purposes, not for trading purposes, and may be delayed.
Fast and Friendly Support
Whether you’re trading major currency pairs or exploring commodity markets, LunarCapital provides the necessary tools and instruments to engage effectively in global financial markets. CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 86% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider.
The broker provides live chat and email support, ensuring that help is readily available. Customer service operates 24 hours a day, Monday through Friday, allowing traders to access assistance during market hours. Our ECN XL account has all the features and benefits you would expect and demand from an ECN/STP broker who has always been right at the cutting edge of industry development. It is one of the most advanced trading accounts, packed full of features and benefits, currently available in the forex industry.
Live Account with LunarCapital
As with any financial transactions, the security of the information being transmitted is of fundamental importance. The LunarCapital MetaTrader 4 Broker software transmits information to and from the markets on 128-bit encrypted connections. In addition to this, LunarCapital also offers the possibility to use the extended security algorithms of Public Key Cryptography. Information secured in this fashion is virtually impossible to hack in any short amount of time.
Open Trading Account
Whether your new or an experienced trader, a risk free demo account is a great way to experience the benefits of ECN trading with LunarCapital. Practice your forex trading skills or test new strategies with zero investment. Once these steps are completed, traders can access their account and begin trading immediately.
Additionally, the broker provides several specialized accounts, including demo accounts for practice trading, Islamic accounts adhering to Sharia principles, and managed accounts for those preferring expert guidance. Whether you are a beginner looking for a low-cost entry into the forex market or a professional trader seeking competitive conditions, LunarCapital’s ECN XL account provides a solid, flexible option. LunarCapital offers a solid variety of tradable instruments, catering to traders interested in multiple asset classes.
LunarCapital offers a variety of convenient deposit and withdrawal methods to accommodate traders’ needs. LunarCapital does not impose any minimum deposit requirements, allowing traders to begin with as little or as much as they are comfortable with. MetaTrader 4 includes a whole range of easy-to-understand functions, so it only takes a few minutes to get comfortable with all the different options available to you as a trader.
LunarCapital provides traders with access to a variety of research and educational tools designed to enhance trading knowledge and skills. These resources cater to both beginner and experienced traders, offering valuable insights into market trends and strategies. While the broker does not boast an extensive educational library, it offers enough material to assist traders in improving their technical and fundamental analysis https://lunarcapital.net/ skills.
A wide array of charting tools is now at hand to support your trading activity – 30 of your favourite technical indicators, various time frames and real-time updated market prices. Now it is that easy to power on your trading plan through your iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch or Android. MetaTrader 4 trading platform comes with its own built-in language for programming trading strategies. MQL4 allows you to create your own EA (Expert Advisor) and automate your trading based on your own programmed strategy. Using MQL4 you can build-up your own library of custom indicators, scripts and function database.
Whether you are facing technical issues, account-related queries, or need help with your trading platform, LunarCapital’s support team is prepared to assist promptly. While the broker does not offer phone support or automated bots, the availability of live chat and email ensures that most issues can be resolved quickly and effectively. This customer-centric approach makes LunarCapital a solid choice for traders who prioritize responsive and professional support. The most notable is its ECN XL account, which provides spreads starting from 0 with no trading commission, a rarity in the industry. This low-cost trading environment is particularly appealing to traders looking to minimize expenses on high-frequency trades.
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5 Best Forex Virtual Private Servers VPS for 2025
Forex TradingThey have a number of different account types depending on your needs, such as a standard forex account, an ECN raw account, a CFD trading account, a professional account, platinum account, premier account and share trading account. If you need to do so, you are able to put in a request for a special borrow for a particular stock if you get in touch with the customer support team. worldtradex’ trading platforms are designed to support efficient trading with competitive spreads, enabling traders to effectively capitalize on market opportunities. The combination of a robust trading infrastructure and comprehensive educational resources creates an enhanced trading experience that accommodates traders at various skill levels.
However, worldtradex lacks passive income options like interest on idle balances, which some competitors offer. worldtradex is a good option for both new and seasoned traders since it combines low-cost trading with an extensive range of tools and information. The broker provides a live chat tool on its website that lets customer service agents instantly assist with short questions. The worldtradex Desktop MetaTrader 4 (MT4) platform is a solid software designed for both new and seasoned traders. Four main panels—Market Watch, Navigator, Terminal, and Charts—form part of its easily navigable interface.
So with worldtradex sign up as being regulated broker there are various safety measures applied. On the flip side Spreads for Stocks are higher, also some withdrawals add on commission, also it is worth checking the conditions under the entity of worldtradex you would trade since they are different. Lastly, Instruments are mainly based on CFDs and there is no real Investment in Stocks or Shares available, yet it is not a big Con since worldtradex specializes particularly as CFD trading provider. One of FP Market’s plus points is the number of trading platforms it offers to customers.
The demo account provides access to real-time market conditions on MetaTrader 4, MetaTrader 5, and cTrader, enabling users to test strategies and explore worldtradex’ trading platforms before committing real funds. Most particularly enjoy the competitive prices and the advanced trading tools, along with quality customer support. Experienced traders in particular mention the IRESS platform in addition to MetaTrader 4, and direct market access. However, some users do mention occasional problems with withdrawals, although this isn’t a common occurrence. One of the standout features of worldtradex is its competitive spreads, which enhance the cost-effectiveness of trading across various asset classes.
However, most payment methods typically have a minimum withdrawal amount ranging between $5 USD and $50 USD. The withdrawal amount will need to be the same amount as your deposit and via the same withdrawal method. Once deposits have been withdrawn, you can use an alternative method to withdraw profits. There is a minimum deposit of $100 AUD (or equivalent) for Standard and Raw Accounts. Yes, based on your detected country of DE, you can open an account with this broker.
deposits/withdrawals
Our researchers thoroughly test a wide range of key features, such as the availability and quality of watch lists, mobile charting, real-time and streaming quotes, and educational resources – among other important variables. We also evaluate the overall design of the mobile experience, and look for a fluid user experience moving between mobile and desktop platforms. At ForexBrokers.com, our online broker reviews are based on our collected quantitative data as well as the observations and qualified opinions of our expert researchers. I’ve found that choosing a VPS located near your broker’s server location makes the biggest difference. Some VPS providers, like Beeks and Liquidity Connect, even offer direct cross-connects within the same data center to help reduce execution time even further.
However, the payments we receive can influence the products, companies, or services we highlight and evaluate. To see the full broker review click “See review”, to see the complete table and compare more brokers visit our Comparison page. However, many users feel that the web platform is a little outdated compared to MetaTrader and could use an upgrade. worldtradex may charge overnight funding fees, which vary depending on the position held.
They are regulated by the Australian Investments and Securities Commission (ASIC). They have been on the receiving end of many awards over the years and their platform is very easy to use. Liquidity Connect stands out in the Asia Pacific region thanks to its MetaTrader proxy servers cross-connected to Alibaba’s CEN backbone — a high-speed private network that connects major cities across Asia. This setup enables fast, stable VPS access in cities like Sydney, Tokyo, Singapore, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, and even mainland China, including Shanghai and Beijing, bypassing the Great Firewall. Yet, Copy Trading and Social Trading is available at worldtradex that may be considered as an Investment Opportunity.
Minimum deposit
This type of account is ideal for traders who work with smaller volumes or are fine-tuning their strategies. An experienced media professional, John has a decade of editorial experience with a background that includes key leadership roles at global newsroom outlets. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in English Literature from San Francisco State University, and conducts research on forex and the financial services industry while assisting in the production of content. Some of the other important research categories that are factored into our testing include mobile trading accessibility and capability, availability of market research and educational content, and each broker’s overall Trust Score.
If you are using a credit card, there is no transaction fee for depositing to a MetaTrader account, but there is a 3.18% fee for most currencies if you are using the Iress platform. There’s no single “fastest” forex VPS, as speed largely depends on how close your VPS server is to your broker’s infrastructure. The closer they are, the lower the latency, which can help your trades execute faster. If you’ve been testing an algorithm in a demo account and are ready to go live, even with a small amount of capital, a forex VPS can help ensure your strategy runs uninterrupted. This is especially useful when you want the system to operate 24/5 without relying on your home internet or your computer staying on.
The additional offering increases the total number of currency pairs available to trade at worldtradex. The company has its headquarters in Sydney, Australia while ASIC regulation ensures trustable cooperation as well as full compliance with guidelines. First of all, a good broker is a safe broker, and its proof of a safe trading environment is confirmed by necessary legislation, obligation and sharp regulations applied. All information presented on TopBrokers.com website, including charts, quotes and financial analysis, is informational and doesn’t imply direct instructions for investing.
worldtradex Web Platform
The platform also includes over 15 equity index CFDs, 8 additional index CFDs through Direct Market Access, and a variety of commodities comprising 17 metals, 5 energy products, and 7 soft commodities. Additionally, worldtradex offers 12 major and minor cryptocurrency CFDs with availability depending on the region. For Australian clients using the IRESS platform, they provide access to up to 10,000 traditional stock CFDs.
How do you set up a forex VPS for trading?
While the Navigator panel gives access to accounts and Expert Advisors for automatic trading, the Market Watch panel lets users follow their chosen instruments. worldtradex Spreads are ranked low/ average with overall rating 4.5 out Worldtradex review of 5 based on our testing comparison to other brokers. We see Forex spread much lower than the industry average we test on over 500 Brokers marking 1.2 pips for EURUSD and is 1.1 pips at FP while Standard Account typical fees mentioned start at 1 pip.
What specs should you look for in a forex VPS?
For certain CFDs and Equities, they offer Direct Market Access (DMA), allowing real-time access to live market prices straight from exchanges. We also take an in-depth look at each broker’s commissions and fees, such as bid/ask spreads – including the average spread data for some of the most popular forex currency pairs. We research other trading costs, such as inactivity or custody fees, minimum deposit requirements, VIP rebates and/or discounts, and a range of other important fee-based data points. worldtradex offers highly competitive pricing through its MetaTrader and cTrader offering, making it one of the most cost-competitive brokers available to traders globally – at least for its commission-based ECN account offering.
Steven previously served as an Editor for Finance Magnates, where he authored over 1,000 published articles about the online finance industry. A forex industry expert and an active fintech and crypto researcher, Steven advises blockchain companies at the board level and holds a Series III license in the U.S. as a Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA). All content on ForexBrokers.com is handwritten by a writer, fact-checked by a member of our research team, and edited and published by an editor. Our ratings, rankings, and opinions are entirely our own, and the result of our extensive research and decades of collective experience covering the forex industry.
Also, the MT5 and cTrader bring one of the best, extended inbuilt indicators and graphical objects via pending orders and displayed currency market depth. Additional Research tools like economic calendar, calculators, Technical and Fundamental analysis are some of the obvious tools that keep traders updated about forthcoming events that can influence the market’s movement. They offer a Virtual Private Server (VPS) service that provides advantages for Forex traders, particularly those using automated trading strategies. Traders who deposit a minimum of $1,000 or trade over 10 lots per month on the Standard Account or 20 lots on the Raw Account can access the VPS service at no additional cost.
All things considered, worldtradex is a complete option for traders trying to maximize their trading techniques thanks to various tools and features available, together with competitive spreads and a large array of instruments. worldtradex presents the strong MetaTrader 5 (MT5) platform for desktop trading that gives multi-asset traders a sophisticated and feature-rich experience. With 44 analytical charting tools, 21 timeframes, and 38+ pre-installed technical indicators among other tools and features, the MT5 platform is very remarkable. With spreads generally less than industry averages, the platform showed outstanding execution speeds during testing—especially during high trading hours. Users can use more than 50 technical indicators and several charting tools for in-depth study. The system increases trading flexibility by supporting several orders, including market and pending ones.
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IT ВакансіїНа знак подяки за це ми даруємо знижку на будь-який курс, який ви оберете під час консультації. Ми підготували матеріали та тести, які допоможуть вам у виборі вашої майбутньої професії. Далее вашу заявку должен одобрить банк. Вас будуть навчати практикуючі фахівці, що працюють в топових компаніях.
раза в неделю
Цей курс проводиться у форматі дистанційного Вакансія JavaScript/Automation Engineer (JS) навчання. Кожен сертифікат має унікальний номер, за яким потенційний роботодавець може перевірити його валідність і побачити базові показники успішності.
Бонуси курсу
Класні групові заняття з різними змаганнями. Працював з діючою командою розробки. Завдяки цьому курс вийшов не лише теоретичним, а й максимально прикладним. Прийду ще на курс саме до нього, адже він дає якісні знання та вміє зацікавити предметом! 🔥 вебпрограмування Також сподобалася структурована подача і об’єм навчальних матеріалів в LMS.
Випускники отримують сертифікат про закінчення курсу.
Хочу подякувати Михайлу за чудову подачу матеріалу! Було помітно, що він не просто читає лекції, а дійсно прагне навчити, поділитися своїм досвідом і знаннями. Це дуже мотивувало і зробило навчання ефективнішим. Домашні завдання були досить об’ємними, але саме така практика дозволяє краще засвоїти матеріал і застосувати отримані знання на практиці. На жаль ваш запит відхилено, зверніться в банк чи спробуйте інший спосіб оплати. На курсі QA Automation JavaScript ти здобудеш знання з розробки тест-кейсів, їх імплементації, дебагінгу та розуміння логіки роботи автоматичних тестів.
Реальное собеседование на должность QA Automation с использованием JavaScript
До шостого заняття ви можете повернути100% внесених за навчання коштів. На курсі QA Automation JS ти зможеш ефективно засвоїти навички автоматизованого тестування на JavaScript. Тест складається з 15 питань по одному балу, для проходження тесту необхідно набрати 8 балів. Далі вашу заявку повинен схвалити банк. Статус можете побачити в Фінансах. Найвища оцінка в рейтингу UBA завдяки інноваційним програмам, зручної платформи для навчання, постійні адаптації продуктів під потреби ринку та викладачам-практикам.
Ти отримаєш все необхідне для ефективного вирішення задач в галузі автоматизованого тестування. Не переживайте, це тест не вимагає від вас якихось спеціальних знань у предметі, для його проходження буде достатньо знань базової комп’ютерної грамотності. Обліковий запис не знайдено, спробуйте інший спосіб входу чи пройдіть реєстрацію. Тести можна проходити в будь-якому порядку і навіть не за один раз. Ви можете завжди продовжити проходження з будь-якого моменту. Нажаль оплата не пройшла, спробуйте пізніше чи оберіть інший спосіб.
DSCR Debt Service Coverage Ratio What Is It, Formula
BookkeepingIf the company’s DSCR is equal to 1, then this indicates that the company generates enough income to pay off their debt. However, a DSCR lower than 1 indicates that the company has insufficient income to pay off their debt and may require an additional source of income. This means the property generates 20% more income than is needed to cover its debt, making it a safer bet for financing. Center all calculations and inputs in clearly labeled, consecutive columns or debt service coverage ratio formula in excel rows.
Come calcolare il DSCR
Get instant access to video lessons taught by experienced investment bankers. Learn financial statement modeling, DCF, M&A, LBO, Comps and Excel shortcuts. Unless the probability of recovering the original proceeds is near certain, most commercial lenders are unlikely to approve the request for financing. A DSCR of 2.857 is a good DSCR for granting a loan to a real estate developer.
Understanding the Debt-Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
Also, in some Project Finance models, there are optional repayments of the Debt principal, like the “cash flow sweep” concept in LBO models for normal companies. Consider a company that’s been renting its https://www.bookstime.com/articles/brewery-accounting warehouse but recently exercised an option to purchase the building. This company’s historical income statements show “rent expense,” but that expense will no longer exist once it owns the building.
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Management might use DSCR calculations from its competitors to analyze how it’s performing relative to others. This might include analyzing how efficient other companies are in using loans to drive company growth. The interest coverage ratio indicates the number of times that a company’s operating profit will cover the interest it must pay on all debts for a given period.
In most models, we don’t “calculate” the LLCR; instead, we already know what it is and use it to back into the starting Debt balance, as in the example above. We Accounting Periods and Methods have sized the initial Debt balance based on the LLCR, which is one of its main use cases in models. In general, stronger, stabilized properties will fall on the lower end of this range, while riskier properties with shorter term leases or less creditworthy tenants will fall on the higher end of this range. Certain trigger events will occur should Sun Country’s DSCR fall below a specified level.